Antonella Sardinella and Mariaenrica Frigione of University of Salento have provided an overview of the bio-based/sustainable materials proposed for the development of original coatings to protect concrete works in their recent review.
Traditional coatings involve the use of synthetic materials that are often toxic for human beings and the environment. Research is going on around the world for the development of new sustainable coatings made with bio-based or non-toxic materials using green technologies.
Following are qualities of a good coating:
Chemical inertness against substrates.
Good stability against acids, alkalis, UV radiations, heat, and oxidation.
Permeability to water vapor (the underlying concrete must still “breathe”).
Adequate adhesion to the substrate.
Non-toxic and non-dangerous to the environment and human beings.
In the field of construction, the sustainable products proposed as potential protective coatings for concrete substrates can be divided into: (i) geopolymers and (ii) natural bio-based substances, such as agricultural waste, oil, wax, cellulose and others.
GeopolymersThe low curing temperatures of geopolymers and their ability to be produced from a wide range of raw materials, including industrial waste (also known as secondary raw materials, or SRM), make them sustainable materials. Reusing (or recycling) solid waste, such as fly ash (FA), slag, and other active byproducts, can actually produce geopolymers by the alkaline activation of aluminosilicate precursors.
Coatings Based on Agricultural WasteAgricultural organic waste, i.e., products that are constantly generated, can be profitably exploited for different purposes, giving an economic value to the waste and reducing the costs of its disposal.
Vegetable Oil and Fatty AcidsRecently, vegetable oils have been used in technologies meant to preserve a substrate (like concrete), which can be a viable substitute for synthetic materials and a sustainable approach. The chemical structure and film-forming properties of oil and its derivatives actually make them useful in this field.
ProteinsVery recently, proteins have been proposed to develop coatings with good hydrophobic characteristics. Lysozyme, for instance, is composed of a microfiber network containing amyloid which, when applied to the surface of a metal, adheres to it and increases its resistance to corrosion.
CelluloseCellulose, the most abundant natural polymer on earth, is a low-cost renewable resource: it is generally recognised as a potential candidate for the production of green superhydrophobic coatings.
Plant-Based Wax CoatingsStarting from materials of vegetable origin dispersed in water, Morrissette et al. developed superhydrophobic self-cleaning coatings for different applications.
Advantages of These CoatingsThese are harmless to humans and the environment. They can be applied using the same techniques and methods as for traditional coatings, without additional costs. Waste materials can be used. Additionally, the studies carried out so far have especially highlighted the excellent protective properties offered by these materials, not considering any difficulties in the production processes and possible increased costs.
Challenges in Commercial ApplicationHigher production costs, scale-up problems, demand for high quantities of bio-based raw materials, competition with food and feed for the supply of raw materials, technological barriers, and including industrial conversion for new productions are some of the barriers that slow down the introduction of these materials to the market.
You can refer below article for more details:
Antonella Sarcinella and Mariaenrica Frigione, Sustainable and Bio-Based Coatings as Actual or Potential Treatments to Protect and PreserveConcrete, Coatings 2023, 13(1), 44;https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings13010044
IMAGE FROM: The Concrete Beneath the M32 Flyover, Inset, Some of the Corrosion Found During Safety Checks.
Under the UK’s Network Rails ‘Access for All’ programme, ongoing over the last 15-20 years, we now have step-free, accessible routes at more than 200 railway stations across Britain to provide an obstacle free, accessible route to and between railway platforms. The improvements have been funded by the Department of Transport, which also selects the stations. In Scotland, ministers recommended stations for inclusion to the Secretary of State for Transport.
In 2006, the DfT published the Railways for All Strategy, outlining the UK government’s intention to improve access to the rail network for disabled people across Britain. A key part of this strategy was the Access for All Fund. The Access for All programme was launched in 2006 to deliver accessible routes at stations. The standard design included new lift shafts and footbridges. Examples of rail inclusivity and accessibility improvements include:
Lifts that are automatic and give an audible tone when the doors open and close.
Staircases and platform edges that have tactile warning surfaces.
New ramps and footbridges with lowered handrails.
Often, these are replacing well maintained historic railway footbridges that have been in place for over 150 years without significant corrosion issues. Dumfries Station is a fine, well-detailed example of a mid-19th century station, built in the Italianate style, a listed structure since 1981.
Refer: Access for All – Improving Accessibility at Railway Stations Nationwide – Network Rail
Unfortunately, many new structures are seen to be failing prematurely due to poor design detailing, e.g. water traps, a lack of water drainage points, inferior coatings, and poor material selection. Winter de-icing programmes are accelerating structural damage. The salt attracts moisture from the environment to the carbon steel substrate, which speeds up the oxidation (rusting) process.
Photo 1: Typical Original Non-Accessible Footbridge without Lifts.
Photo 3: Corrosion Around Us – Network Rail Footbridge, Dyce, Aberdeenshire (a) Footbridge Stairs, (b) Support Stanchion and (c) Underside of Footbridge – Credit Stephen Tate.
Algeria and Germany have recently signed, a joint declaration of intent establishing a bilateral task force on hydrogen recently, with a view to strengthening and supporting investments in all the economic sectors (private and public), concerned by the development of hydrogen in the two countries.
The declaration signed by the two ministries plans to strengthen joint cooperation in the field of feasibility studies, production, processing, employment, transportation, storage and marketing of hydrogen, as well as its derivatives produced from renewable energies, beneficial to both countries, especially since the two parties plan to create an Algerian-German Task Force on hydrogen within the framework of the energy partnership, with a view to contributing to the creation of economic opportunities, while promoting the achievement of the goals of the Paris Climate Agreement (year 2015).
Energy sustainability and climate change are major issues in present era, and hydrogen, a clean and adaptable energy source, has drawn a lot of interest as a potential solution for specific situations, e.g. Transportation. The effectiveness of hydrogen production systems depends critically on materials, which also affect system durability, catalyst performance, and reaction kinetics. It will take sustained progress in materials science and engineering to realise large-scale, sustainable hydrogen production systems.
Hydrogen has potential as a medium for storing energy. The effective and secure storage and release of hydrogen for a range of applications is made possible by advancements in materials for hydrogen storage, such as metal hydrides, chemical hydrides, and porous materials. Ensuring the materials’ long-term stability and endurance under harsh operating conditions is one of the major issues in the field of hydrogen production. High temperatures, corrosive surroundings, and cycling between reducing and oxidising atmospheres are all part of many hydrogen production processes, which over time can deteriorate materials. Investigating novel materials and coatings with enhanced mechanical strength, thermal stability, and corrosion resistance have been the main focus of research to date. Furthermore, enhanced characterization approaches and expedited testing protocols have been utilised to assess and forecast material deterioration mechanisms, permitting the development of stronger materials for hydrogen generation.
Source: https://embmoscow.mfa.gov.dz/
Hydrogen Renewable Energy Production – Hydrogen Gas for Clean Electricity Solar and Wind Turbine Facility.
Newly appointed, Chris will lead the development of the research and consultancy services of the UK HSE (Health and Safety Executive) which offers customers in industry and government help to safely manage their assets and infrastructure. He joins HSE to focus on delivering a number of major shared research projects between HSE and industry, including a programme of work designed to enhance the knowledge and understanding of Corrosion under Insulation (CUI). Chris brings a substantial wealth of sector and regulatory experience to the role and has spent almost 30 years developing his expertise in metallurgy, welding and corrosion activities. He began his career working in a number of materials engineering roles in the private sector, before joining HSE, where he has spent the last 10 years regulating Great Britain’s offshore oil and gas industry as a Specialist Inspector in materials and corrosion within HSE’s Energy Division.
As well as ensuring operators complied with Major Accident Hazard regulations, his remit also included helping to develop the government’s regulatory framework for net zero-related energy technologies.
Having spent a number of years sitting on the MoD’s Defence Standards Corrosion Committee, Chris is currently involved in the HOIS (Inspection) JIP and the Energy Institute’s Corrosion Management and Asset Integrity Committee, as well as being Chair of the Welding Institute’s Process and Pressure Systems Technical Group. Source: https://solutions.hse.gov.uk/research-and-consultancy
Floating production storage and offloading (FPSO) units are on the upward trend in the oil and gas industry because of their flexibility to meet changing demands in an unpredictable market. Yet, without good preservation strategies during construction and delivery, FPSO fabricators and owners can be in for a negative surprise when they encounter corrosion problems during FPSO commissioning or thereafter. VP Technologies offer practical and effective solutions to avoid these unwanted corrosion-related downtime episodes to promote smoother commissioning and better durability.
A Corrosive Environment
FPSO topside equipment is often built near ocean ports and spends the rest of its service life in a marine environment. High temperatures, humidity, and salt spray create a perfect atmosphere for corrosion propagation. To make matters worse, certain types of equipment must be flushed or hydrotested during construction and commissioning, introducing corrosives that threaten to compromise the internal integrity of the equipment. While corrosion consequences can be drastic, a few simple preservation strategies in key areas will go a long way toward preserving equipment until the time of commissioning.
Preserving Electricals and Electronics
Electricals and electronics are the brains and nerve centres of a FPSO. Fortunately, electronics and electricals can be protected using VpCI® emitters which are available in multiple sizes—from the VpCI®-101 Device that protects 1 ft³ (28 L) of space to the VpCI®– 308 pouch that protects 35.3 ft³ (1 m³)—and release Vapor phase Corrosion Inhibitors that fill the enclosure, adsorbing on metal surfaces as a protective molecular layer.
Protection During Hydrotesting
Products such as those in the VpCI®-649 Series can be added to the hydrotest water for protection during hydrostatic testing and can be dosed at higher concentrations for extended periods of preservation. These hydrotest additives are both film-forming and vapor-phase corrosion inhibiting for protection of hard-to-reach areas inside valves or systems that are capped subsequent to hydrotesting.
Preserving Tanks, Vessels, and Flow Paths
Another means of internal protection is to apply VpCI®-337 or CorroLogic® Fogging Fluid VpCI®-339 . Inhibitors into flow paths of gas turbines and other rotating equipment. They also work inside tanks, vessels, and other enclosed voids that could otherwise be difficult to protect.
External Protection
Turbines and other equipment fogged with VpCI® Technology are often wrapped in VpCI® Films such as VpCI®-126 HP UV Shrink Film and MilCorr® VpCI® Shrink Film—both to protect equipment externals and to trap Vapor phase Corrosion Inhibitors inside the equipment.
The CORINJ sidestream system is designed to measure corrosion and chemical efficiency in a continuous way, even when inline monitoring points are not available. The CORINJ sidestream is custom built based on customer requirements and Specifications. The system can be integrated into any system and devices can be serviced quickly and easily without having to conduct live breaking containment retrieval work.
Monitoring Options
The sidestream has various options, you can choose from 2 to 10 monitoring points that include different types of probes and corrosion coupons.
Assembly
The unit’s main block has different ports for various types of monitoring. The ports have NPT union fittings, which let you screw in and seal the devices.
H2S Monitoring
The CORINJ sidestream offers continuous ‘real-time’ H2S monitoring through a side-stream unit. If you want to monitor suspect, or known H2S issues this side-stream is ideal as it can be tied into the exact point on a specific system or wells.
ER Probes
ER probes are used to provide live corrosion rate readings or to gather and store data of corrosion rates and metal loss. The probes can collate data via logging equipment or can be connected to a transmitter which feeds back to the client DCS to provide live data feedback.
Corrosion Coupons
The corrosion coupons are aligned with the inner wall of the sidestream. They measure corrosion rates and pit depths by metal loss over a known time period.
Bio Probes
Sessile bacteria attached to the bio studs can be collected and analysed to check the efficiency of the chemical injection systems or biocide regimes using Bio Probes in oil and gas production.
Continuous Flow
This is key to a sidestream working effectively. The outlet of the side-stream is usually routed back downstream in the system where the pressure is lower, so the flow is continuous.
We use cookies to optimize our website and our service.
Functional
Always active
The technical storage or access is strictly necessary for the legitimate purpose of enabling the use of a specific service explicitly requested by the subscriber or user, or for the sole purpose of carrying out the transmission of a communication over an electronic communications network.
Preferences
The technical storage or access is necessary for the legitimate purpose of storing preferences that are not requested by the subscriber or user.
Statistics
The technical storage or access that is used exclusively for statistical purposes.The technical storage or access that is used exclusively for anonymous statistical purposes. Without a subpoena, voluntary compliance on the part of your Internet Service Provider, or additional records from a third party, information stored or retrieved for this purpose alone cannot usually be used to identify you.
Marketing
The technical storage or access is required to create user profiles to send advertising, or to track the user on a website or across several websites for similar marketing purposes.
